What does modeling refer to in the context of art materials?

Modeling in the context of art materials specifically refers to the process of shaping and manipulating a pliable substance, such as clay, by hand to create three-dimensional forms. This activity is often associated with the use of modeling materials like clay or dough, which can be easily molded and reformed.

Choosing to work with plastics by hand is a prime example of modeling, as it involves tactile manipulation that is essential for creating sculptures, designs, or forms. This hands-on approach allows artists to enhance their dexterity and creativity, expressing their ideas and visions in a physical medium.

The other options represent different artistic techniques or processes that do not align with the concept of modeling. For example, painting on canvas is a two-dimensional art form that focuses on surface application rather than shaping material. Drawing with graphite is also a flat medium that involves marking surfaces rather than manipulating volume. Engraving on wood entails carving designs into a surface, which is a subtractive process, diverging from the additive nature of modeling. Thus, the focus on working with plastics by hand clearly encapsulates the essence of modeling in art.