What artistic technique is referred to as flat relief?

The term "flat relief" is specifically associated with the technique of stiacciato. This technique, which originates from the Italian word meaning "flattened" or "low relief," is used to create subtle variations in depth in carved surfaces. Stiacciato involves the meticulous carving of figures and scenes in a way that results in only slight differences in elevation from the background surface, effectively creating a three-dimensional illusion while maintaining a low profile. This method was notably employed by Renaissance artists to add depth and realism to their sculptures and paintings without the need for full three-dimensional forms.

The other techniques mentioned do not relate to flat relief. Contrapposto refers to a pose in sculpture where the weight is shifted onto one leg, creating a sense of dynamism. Chiaroscuro is about the use of strong contrasts between light and dark to give the illusion of volume in modeling three-dimensional objects and figures. Sfumato involves the transition between colors and tones so subtly that there are no harsh lines, creating a smoky effect in painting. Each of these techniques emphasizes volume, depth, or transition, differing fundamentally from the essence of flat relief represented by stiacciato.